An Analysis of Dreams Deferred by Langston Hughes

Importance of Achieving Dreams It is true that people often dream widely and unrealistically. But some people dream about basic human rights such as dignity, freedom, liberty, equal rights, and access to education. Socio-economic and political conditions sometimes put people in dire situations where they do not have access to such fundamental human needs. For such people, achieving their dreams is especially important, as the shattering of their dreams may lead to the shattering of their lives altogether. One can think of numerous such people, but one glaring example is the case of undocumented students in the United States who dream about equal rights and access to higher education. These students struggle with a lot of problems in their lives and some of those problems are beyond their control. It is important therefore that the government and the public build mechanisms that would allow the dreams of these students come into realization. It is important to keep in mind that the decision for undocumented children to be in the United States was not their own. They were forced out of their home countries or grew up in America because their parents had immigrated to the United States. Mario Escobar, for instance, lost his father, grandmother, and cousins in Salvadoran civil war. As an undergraduate at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), he would go to classes hungry and wore used clothes that he bought from Goodwill because he was poor and not eligible forShow MoreRelatedEssay about Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes615 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Dreams are the driving force of America today. Every person has some sort of dreams and or goals. Although in life everyone has dreams and goals, there are obviously more struggles for some ethnic groups than for others. The poem, Dream Deferred, by Langston Hughes, is one mans expression of his dreams during a difficult time period. As a black man in a time period where African-Americans were considered an inferior group of peopleRead MoreAnalysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesDream Deferred A dream is a goal in life, not just dreams experienced during sleep. Most people use their dreams as a way of setting future goals for themselves. Dreams can help to assist people in getting further in life because it becomes a personal accomplishment. Langston Hughess poem Dream Deferred is speaks about what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. The poem leaves it up to the reader to decide what dream is being questioned. In the opening of the poem the speaker usesRead MoreHarlem: a Dream Deferred1043 Words   |  5 PagesHarlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skinRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words   |  4 Pagescirculated, analysis of the poem must take place. It unveils and discusses the themes, figures of speech, word placement, and flow of the piece, and A Dream Deferred, is no exception. In Langston Hughess poem, A Dream Deferred, the theme is that no really knows to dreams if they are not reached, and very realistic figures of speech help convey this idea; the poem can be surprisingly related to Mr. Hughess life through the subtitle and quotes from Langston himself. The meaning of, A Dream DeferredRead MoreAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes602 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes Through the turbulent decades of the 1920s through the 1960s many of the black Americans went through difficult hardships and found comfort only in dreaming. Those especially who lived in the ghettos of Harlem would dream about a better place for them, their families, and their futures. Langston Hughes discusses dreams and what they could do in one of his poems, Harlem. Hughes poem begins: What happens to a dream deferred... Hughes is askingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Harlem 1303 Words   |  6 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet; a Joplin, Missouri native and an active, versatile writer, earning acclaim as a poet, novelist, playwright and columnist. He was one of the first poets to explore an innovative sing-songy, stylized delivery called jazz poetry. As an African-American, his point of view, collectively synergized with this then-new literary art, catapulted his writings between the 1930s - 1960s. He is often credited as the leader of the Harlem Renaissance, and â€Å"famouslyRead More Harlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesHarlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem The short but inspirational poem Harlem by Langston Hughes addresses what happens to aspirations that are postponed or lost. The brief, mind provoking questions posed throughout the poem allow the readers to reflect--on the effects of delaying our dreams. In addition, the questions give indications about Hughes views on deferred dreams. Harlem is an open form poem. The poem consists of three stanzas that do not have a regularRead MoreLangston Hughes ´ Memories in His Poems Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesHarlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes was an inspirational poet who highlighted many aspects of the urban life of African-Americans through reflections of his own life and experiences. As a writer, a poet and a prominent activist of the civil rights movement, Langston Hughes was a man that was not only inspired by the world around him but used such inspiration to motivate others. Being that he was also one of the most influential writers during the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes held poetry demonstrationsRead MoreAnalysis Of A Raisin In The Sun1185 Words   |  5 PagesRaisin in the Sun is Langston Hughes poem called A Dream Deferred which was written as an example of life in harlem. The lines are a introduction to the white societys actions to take away equal opportunity from black citizens. Hughes main point is that there could be consequences when peoples frustrations build up or accumulate to the point where they have to either surrender their dreams or allow strenuous circumstances to literally devour their aspirations. With Hughes poem as a backgroundRead MoreThe Poetry Of Langston Hughes1498 Words   |  6 Pagescan be applied to the famous poet Langston H ughes, whom by expressing his feelings of oppression in a racist environment, motivated many blacks to learn how to read, play music, and revolutionize civil rights. As a result, this paper will critique how Langston Hughes’ works of Harlem and I Too encouraged Black independence, and how they were used as frameworks for revolutionary concepts such as the achievement of civil rights and social equality. Langston Hughes was an African American poet in the

Diabetes Symptoms And Treatment Of Diabetes - 1058 Words

Hector Bustillos June 21, 2015 FCS 247- Nutrition Diabetes As young kids we learn from our family environment self-care behaviors, including diet and physical activity. As of 2014, there are 29.1 million people in the world that are diagnosed with diabetes. (2014 National Diabetes Statistics Report) Diabetes is a disease that affects how your body produces insulin, which then affects your blood sugar. There are two types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is where someone does not produce insulin at all and is typically diagnosed in early childhood. Type 2 diabetes, this is where the body does not produce enough insulin for the body to function properly, it can also be the result of the body not responding properly to the insulin that it is†¦show more content†¦Hispanic American families are more likely than European American Families to maintain close relationships, live together in extended family households, and rely on one another for social support (SS). In 2011, 22.7 percent of Hispanic Americans lived in households of five or more people, compared with 7.5 percent of non-Hispanic white Americans. Cultural norms in Hispanic American households are also more likely than in non- Hispanic households to promote collective decision making around health issues and to respect elders within the family unit. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is recognized as having strong heritability because of both shared genetics and a shared social context that may promote obesity and physical inactivity. First-degree relatives of adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a high prevalence of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus and also share many risk factors for diabetes, including binge eating and sedentary lifestyle. The influence of a multigenerational legacy of diabetes has been explored in research by Scollan-Koliopulos et al. One study, conducted among adults with family histories of diabetes, found that participant’s recollection of their family members diabetes care, influenced their perception of the controllability and consequences of diabetes, and participant’s dietary behaviors were related to their

Contemporary Culture and Youth free essay sample

Culture can be understood as a set of beliefs, values, practices and traditions followed by a particular group of people living together. It is passed on from one generation to the other, but still every generation brings subtle changes in the culture of a society. Thus, it would not be wrong to say that if we want to study the contemporary culture of a particular society then, we should attempt to analyze the trends of its youth. This is because as the people grow and age in a particular society, hey leave their cultural legacy behind, putting the responsibility on the shoulders of its youth to carry forward that name and legacy. Youth in a given society can either carry forward that cultural legacy or break it. Change is gradual though. It takes several generations and efforts of several passionate adherents to a particular cause to bring about a significant change in society and its cultural practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Culture and Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, there was a time in India when sati was a part of our cultural heritage but it took diligent efforts on the part of many eformers which could eventually help eliminate the brutal practice of sati. There are societies where the youth take it upon themselves to bring about a revolution and then, there are others where they think that what difference could one or two of them possibly make to the system. The thinking is somewhat pessimistic in the sense that they believe that if you make an effort to change the system, the system will change you; but what they probably forget here is that the system is also made up of people ike you and me and if there is anyone who could make a difference then, its nobody else but us. I am not trying to provide a critique of a particular society here as both the aforementioned types are found in every society and are part of every culture. The world is, as we know, neither all black nor white but there are different shades of different colors found everywhere we look around. Good and bad, optimism and pessimism co-exist. Thus, with every generation there are some positives added some positives subtracted, some negatives gone and few others replacing them; and ll of these come together to define the culture of a given society at a particular point in time. Culture, if viewed in this way, seems like an ever-changing dynamic concept but that exactly is what it is not. It is more or less stable over time. Keeping this thought in mind, I would like to conclude by stating that no doubt the youth of a given society can either be an asset or a liability to it, but the change is gradual and it takes several generations of like-minded people to be able to bring about any significant change in the culture of a society.

Mission and Vision Statements

Introduction A vision statement outlines the market position that an organization anticipates to acquire in the future. It is often short, concise and offers directions that should be followed by the organization. However, it does not give details of how organizational goals should be achieved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mission and Vision Statements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It helps employees to be focused and also motivates them. A mission statement on the other hand is general and focuses on the overall reason behind the existence of an organization. It states why an organization engages in its current activities and strives to maintain certain qualities that define the organization. Therefore, it is important for an organization to follow certain criteria as it designs its mission and vision statements in order to portray the true value of the organization . Criteria for Designing an Appropriate Mission Statement An appropriate mission statement justifies the existence of an organization. It highlights current activities that the organization carries out and needs of customers it endeavors to meet in future. It also defines the customers and goods and services required to satisfy their needs. The following are the criteria that an organization should follow in order to design an appropriate mission statement. An appropriate mission statement should be straightforward, brief and must have a sharp focus. This is because a mission statement that is stated in generic terms makes it difficult for people to understand it. An appropriate mission statement should focus on the market and needs of customers. It should give a clear explanation of how an organization plans to meet the needs of its clients. An appropriate mission statement should show the prevailing market environment. This implies that it should not contain information that does not relate to the prevailing market env ironment because this makes it unpopular. An appropriate mission statement should inspire and motivate employees by making them feel valued and respected. An appropriate mission statement should be derived from the competitive advantage of an organization. This emanates from good knowledge of outstanding resources and skills of the organization, which cannot be implemented by other organizations. Justification of the Criteria The above criteria are important in the design of a mission statement because they enable an organization to understand its customers and look for ways of ensuring that the customers are satisfied. A mission statement designed on the basis of the criteria described above helps an organization to adopt the prevailing market trends. It also assists an organization to reinforce its organizational strengths in order to achieve competitive advantage in the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These criteria ensure that organizational activities are clearly outlined in the mission statement, customers are defined and a justification for the existence of the organization is provided. As a result, this increases the focus and commitment of employees . Criteria for Designing an Appropriate Vision Statement A mission statement is restricted to an organization’s current activities while a vision statement paints a picture of the future of the organization. A vision statement addresses future customers, markets, competitiveness and performance of the organization. The Designing of an appropriate vision statement follows the criteria below. An appropriate vision statement should exhibit the boldness of an organization in achieving goals that might seem difficult to achieve. It should make employees feel that they own the organization. An appropriate vision statement should capture the future by providing a clear picture of where an organization should be in the future. It should outline future plans of the organization and the customer’s needs it intends to address. An appropriate vision statement should motivate employees by clarifying the focus of customers as well as the market. It should also identify capabilities that an organization should pursue. An appropriate vision statement should inspire employees by portraying an image that excites them. It should also make them enthusiastic and expose them to challenges that make them more committed to organizational activities. An appropriate vision statement should be guided by the purpose of an organization. This implies that it should be designed in a manner that portrays employees as the most important assets of the organization, rather than insignificant parties . Justification of the Criteria The above criteria are important in formulating a vision statement because they strengthen the abilities and competencies of an organization. In addition, th ey motivate employees to concentrate on increasing their efficiency, which in turn enhances organizational commitment level and initiates positive change among them. Appropriate criteria enable organizations to design a meaningful vision statement, which facilitates implementation of strategic plans by assessing products, alternatives and services. The criteria outlined above create a vision statement that increases the competitiveness of an organization after a specified period of time. The vision directs employees and shapes the organization’s overall destination. Similarities in Criteria for Designing Appropriate Mission and Vision Statements Both mission and vision statements are designed on the basis of market analysis and concentrate on satisfying the needs of customers, as well as ensuring that an organization does not lose its competitiveness in the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mission and Vision Statements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the criteria for designing a vision statement puts emphasis on the fact that motivation is important for employees since it increases their productivity and enables an organization to attain competitive advantage. Differences between Criteria for Designing Mission and Vision Statements The criteria for designing a good mission statement put emphasis on the present needs that an organization should address. These include satisfaction of customer’s needs, analysis of products and services and strategies of sustaining competitive advantage. On the other hand, the main focus of a vision statement is the future of an organization, which directs the management with regard to the most important decisions that should be made for the organization to realize its goals. Furthermore, a mission statement is designed on the basis of the prevailing competitive advantage of an organization, special competencies and resources . On the other hand, a vision statement endeavors to excite employees and trigger their emotions. This encourages them to fully participate in all organizational activities. Conclusion Appropriate vision and mission statements enable an organization to attain competitiveness in the market. This implies that mission and vision statements of an organization should be designed following the right criteria for the organization to succeed. They should focus on the needs of customers and the market since satisfaction of customer’s needs is a critical issue that an organization should focus on. They should motivate employees and treat them as important individuals who contribute towards organizational success. In addition, mission and vision statements should assist the management to make critical decisions, which play an important role towards achievement of organizational goals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Healthfield, S. (2009). Build a strategic framework: mission statement, vision, values. Web. McNamara, C. (2012). Basics of developing mission, vision and values statements. Web. The business vision and company mission statement. (2007). Web. Welch, S., Welch, J. (2008). State Your Business. Web. This essay on Mission and Vision Statements was written and submitted by user Danny Garrett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Prosecuting Ralph with Constructive Manslaughter †Law Essay

Prosecuting Ralph with Constructive Manslaughter – Law Essay Free Online Research Papers Prosecuting Ralph with Constructive Manslaughter Law Essay A submitted case concerns mostly omissions, duty to care and causation. According to facts Jo would face a charge of gross-negligence manslaughter; Gilbert could be charged with misconduct; while an indictment against Ralph would be manslaughter based on unlawful act. To establish Jo’s liability Actus Reus would be formed by an omission and Mens Rea by gross-negligence . To establish Gilbert’s misconduct by omission a duty to act and a breach of the duty must be proved. To prosecute Ralph with constructive manslaughter a commission of a dangerous unlawful act must be established . In his case it’s disputable if Actus Reus would be formed by commission or by omission, while Mens Rea is formed by intention. All three causes of action would refer to omissions. In order to prove omission the existence of a duty to act and a breach of that duty must be proved. In Jo’s case according to Mens Rea element of a crime a breach of duty must amount to gross-negligence . Proving legal causation would be a crucial factor to establish liability. Of those elements an existence of a duty to act and legal causation would be most difficult to be established. To convict Gilbert the Prosecution would have the most trouble in establishing a duty to care. In Ralph’s case a distinction made in the Bland case could be applied; it would be crucial if unlawful act was formed by commission (to kill), or by omission (to let die) to perform his duty to care. Focusing on Jo’s liability first, the main question is whether Jo had the duty to care for Claire. According to a similar situation in Pittwood case, contractual responsibility might be applicable. Jo’s line of defense could argue that as a volunteer she might not have had a contractual duty to act. However she could be found guilty on the basis of another principle arising from Pittwood’s case: no contract itself, but rather the fact that a contract is evidence of an assumption responsibility creating an expectation in the mind of others that a person will act and cause the public to rely upon his/her performing these tasks. Furthermore Jo could be found liable of omission on basis of the R v Miller case ratio where the Defendant has created a dangerous situation and does not try to prevent or reduce it, either because he/she has not given any thought to the possibility that there might be any risk or because, having recognize that there was some risk involved, he has decided not to try to prevent or reduce it†. Following this objective test, leaving gates open without any kind of supervisory could be regarded as an act causing a dangerous situation. Thus Jo would be found responsible for breach of duty to care and for omission. However to establish Jo’s liability for manslaughter both factual and legal causation must be proven. This will be considered after Gilbert’s and Ralph’s cases have been analysed. Gilbert could be guilty of omission only if he had the duty to care for Claire. However a lack of general duty to care is one of the principles of English law. According to law on omissions, Gilbert would share responsibility for Claire’s death if only one exemption applied to him. Gilbert does not have a contractual or statutorial duty to act; his conduct did not cause the dangerous situation. Regarding a fact that Gilbert was Claire’s neighbour the only exemption that might apply is presumption of responsibility where there is a special relationship. The little girl could be found guilty of murder in the first degree. She failed to alert the barrier chick that she was trying to eat the oncoming train. Now the train is dead. Research Papers on Prosecuting Ralph with Constructive Manslaughter - Law EssayUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Fifth HorsemanCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraLifes What IfsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

MLA Referencing †Citing a Journal Article

MLA Referencing – Citing a Journal Article MLA Referencing – Citing a Journal Article In the liberal arts and humanities subjects, MLA referencing is commonly used for citing sources in college papers and academic publications. This includes citing articles from both print and electronic journals, which is what we’re looking at in this blog post. In-Text Citations The rules for citing an article in the main text of your paper are the same regardless of whether you’re referencing a print or online journal. With MLA referencing, this means giving the author’s name and page numbers for the passage cited in parentheses: Neo-formalism is one of â€Å"the more notable methodological approaches to literary studies† (Markovits 591). If the author’s name already appears in the text, only the page numbers for the passage cited need to be given in parentheses after the quotation: Markovits describes neo-formalism as one of â€Å"the more notable methodological approaches to literary studies† (591). Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author Some other parenthetical referencing formats use a year of publication to distinguish between texts when multiple sources by the same author are cited in a paper. Since MLA uses a citation format with no year of publication, however, a different approach is required. With a journal article, this means giving a shortened version of the article name in addition to the author’s surname and relevant page numbers. If both the author’s name and a shortened title appear in a citation, they should be separated with a comma. For two articles by Stefanie Markovits, for instance, this might appear as follows: According to Markovits, â€Å"programmatically formalist reading needn’t bracket cultural and historical concerns (â€Å"Form Things† 591). Consequently, we can draw upon neo-formalism while still considering the significance of Jane Austen’s â€Å"fallen bodies† (Markovits, â€Å"Jane Austen and the Happy Fall† 779). Austen having a happy sit down. Page (Print Journal) With MLA, all sources cited in a paper should be listed with full publication information on a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. With a print journal article, this means providing the following details (accurate for the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook): Author surname, first name(s). Title of Article.  Title of Journal, volume, issue, year, complete page range. In practice, this would look something like the following: Markovits, Stefanie. â€Å"Form Things: Looking at Genre through Victorian Diamonds.† Victorian Studies, vol. 52, no. 4, 2010, pp. 591-619. Page (Online Journal) For articles that are also available online, you should also provide a DOI or URL and a date of access in the â€Å"† list. For instance: Markovits, Stefanie. â€Å"Jane Austen and the Happy Fall.† Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 47, no. 4, 2007, pp. 779-97, www.jstor.org/stable/4625140. Accessed 5 Oct. 2016. If citing a scholarly journal article which is only available electronically, it isn’t necessary to provide page numbers (a DOI/URL and date of access are still required).

Bullying in school Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bullying in school - Research Paper Example The data so gathered has been analyzed to arrive at appropriate findings, based on which the researcher has endorsed the conclusions. In addition, the researcher has also offered certain recommendations that will offer better solutions for the management of the problem. Bullying in Schools in the US Section 1: Introduction Background: Humans have an inherent tendency for indulging in violent or non-violent acts to harass or otherwise disturb others and it reflects on children studying in schools also. The statutory definition of harassment or school bullying perceives it as a pattern of premeditated behavior that occurs in school premises, school buses for at the functions sponsored by schools and include but are not limited to â€Å"written, electronic, verbal or physical acts† that may cause â€Å"reasonable fear or harm† to the person or belonging of another student or impede with his or her academic pursuit or other activities (Bullying Definition 1). Evidence sugge sts that the issues arising out of bully-victim-bystander behavior as a dominant public health problem that hampers the ability of children to â€Å"develop in healthy ways† besides compromising their learning potential (Cohen & Freiberg 1). The phenomenon of school violence as a consequence of bullying has a long history in the US and statistics point to the fact that in 2010 alone, reported cases of about â€Å"828,000 nonfatal victimizations† occurred in schools that teach children between 12 – 18 years of age (Understanding School Violence 1). The concern heightens in the light of overwhelming evidence, which shows that â€Å"7%† of teachers in such schools have reported threats of injury or physical attack from students while in 2009 alone â€Å"20% students† reported the presence of gangs in schools (1). Apart from physical violence, other forms of bullying also occur in the school settings. These include verbal abuse, discriminatory behavior , threatening through electronic media including social networks etc which entail psychological anguish for the victims. These factors point to the prevalence of a grim situation in schools across the nation where children are not safe or free from risks of physical and mental harm. Problem Statement: Though deaths relating to school violence or bullying are found to be rare, there is no denial of the fact that this problem causes â€Å"nonfatal injuries† to many students besides entailing grave mental traumas to others (1). In addition, it can lead to a wide range of negative results for the victims and bystanders as well as the perpetrators, including substance abuse and suicide or mental problems such as â€Å"depression, anxiety† or fear psychosis (1). The situation prevalent in schools across the United States during the present day intimidates students and they feel â€Å"unsafe in schools† (Cohen & Freiberg 4). In order for students to attain the objectiv es of learning, it is imperative that they are provided with a safe and conducive environment where they can positively indulge in the learning process and enhance their creative skills. When the element of safety is absent, it can distract the students from the learning process and they will be remaining focused on the inherent risks that they are

Infosys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Infosys - Essay Example Infosys is facing a lot of global marketing issues especially in the past decade or so. The issues are related to business model as well as strategy. Infosys is globally perceived as an IT Technology company which provides low cost advantage to its clients due to global labour arbitrage. A lot of IT companies in developing countries have been using this model to earn handsome revenues (NASSCOM, 2007). Infosys has been consciously trying to come out of this image and move up the value chain (IBEF). This was evident because of its focus on end to end solutions in the late 1990s. During this phase, Infosys developed some highly successful industry solutions such as Finacle (Finacle, 2011) and SAP retail (SAP Retail, 2011) products and marketed them well. However, a major challenge has been to go one step further and provide high end consulting services. Infosys has developed the capabilities required to do so by hiring fresh and qualified talent over the past years but marketing the same has been a challenge. The major reason for this is the presence of well reputed competitors in the market who were early movers in this domain. Infosys has always believed in maintaining long term relationship with its clients. This has resulted in client loyalty and satisfaction. However, 80% of Infosys’s revenues come from existing clients. No doubt, retaining old customers is very important but it is equally important to acquire new clients for continuous progress and to increase bargaining power while negotiating contracts. Infosys has shifted its focus towards business domain excellence. While it is of no harm, most of the clients over the world believe in best of breed approach where they outsource their operations in parts to most suitable vendors and also avoid hundred percent sharing of data with a single vendor. Therefore, business domain excellence may not prove to be a very fruitful idea. For further analysis of the global marketing issues, it would be justified to consider the various aspects of Business and Business marketing and the issues Infosys is facing in each of them (Boon, Kurtz): I. Product In B usiness to Business marketing, as in the case of Infosys, the products are highly technical in nature (Boon, Kurtz). Their form is not fixed and may vary from supplier to supplier. Especially in Business to Business Services marketing, this holds true. Infosys has primarily been providing outsourcing services at low rates. But over the years it has developed end to end products which are high performers in the market. Infosys is also known for its services. It has always exceeded client expectations on the 3 evaluation parameters i.e. Quality, Timeliness and Reliability. However, Infosys has struggled in marketing its high end services over the years. It wants to address this issue in its dealing with PFS. II. Promotion In Business to Bu

Organizational Learning Essay Example for Free

Organizational Learning Essay 1. 0 Introduction The title of this journal is Organizational Learning Practices in the Project Management Environment. The author is Timothy G. Kotnour from University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA. This journal focuses on understanding how project managers continuously improve their project quality and performance by building knowledge through learning. Beside that, for the project organization to learn, organizational members must create, share and apply knowledge. The organizations members will create new knowledge for learning experiences. Learning-by-doing occurs when a problem solver associates plans and actions to accomplish positive results and avoid negative results (Anzai, 1987). While, the plan-duty-study-act (PDSA) cycle, is used to represent the learning process in a project environment. There have two learning cycle in this journal which is Inter-project learning cycle and Intra-project learning cycle. Inter-project learning is the combining and sharing of lessons learned across projects to apply and develop new knowledge. Tools to support inter-project learning include information technology tools and employee groups aimed at sharing knowledge across the organization provides a detailed example of an online system for recognizing, documenting, validating and making available lessons learned for an organization. While, intra-project learning is the creation and sharing of knowledge within a project. Intra-project learning focuses on tasks within a single project and supports the delivery of a successful project by identifying problems and solving them during the project. Learning take place when a project team members discuss approaches for completing a task or overcoming problems. The intra-learning occurs throughout routine reporting cycle such as weekly or monthly status and review meetings, project deliverables or major occurrences in the project. 2. 0 Research Methodology Framework The research methodology involves a lessons learned oriented survey was completely by 43 project managers who were attending a chapter meeting of the Project Management Institute. The survey used to lesson learned terminology because it is more familiar to project managers than organization learning. The survey contained four question sets. The first set asked project manager their background in project management. The second set focused on how project managers produce lessons learned which is including when, what about, how know, what to produce a lesson learned about and what is included in a lesson learned. While, the third set asked respondent to describe, using five-point Likert scale ( 5 = strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = not sure, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree ), which is the degree to which they practice project management learning practices. Next the fourth set asked respondent to describe using a five-point Likert scale the degree to which their organization is achieving the learning outcomes. Factor analysis was performed on the third and fourth data sets. There are five general steps to factor analysis which is assessing applicability of the factor analysis process, determining the number of factors through factor extraction, grouping the variables into factors according to factor loading, producing weighted factor scores and lastly each factors reliability was computed using Cronbach’s alpha 3. 0 Framework, Independent Variable (IV) and Dependent Variable (DV) The learning framework offer an implications for a project manager to use in focusing the learning activities of a project team which is first, the opportunity for learning is an inherent part of the project management process. The project management process parallels the learning process. The steps in the process provide the foundation for learning. In a discussion with a project manager, most of the them viewed producing lessons learned as a valuable and important exercises. However, they felt that they did not have time to complete a formal lesson learned and viewed the learning as a separate activity. This situation showed that, there has a weak relationship between IV and DV. Second, the use of lessons learned can be conducted throughout a project life-cycle, not just at the end of the project. Using the intra-learning cycle, lesson learned can be produced for each cycle in a project to carry on learning to the next cycle and to the next project. And the lastly is the learning process can break down at any stage of the intra- or inter-learning PDSA cycle. For example, the break down can happened in the learning process if there have not using the project management process and tools in a systematic fashion on the model of intra- and inter-project learning. Other than that, the learning process also can fail in the â€Å"plan† step by not reviewing past plans and lessons learned to apply to the current project. In the â€Å"do† step, learning can break down as a result of the project team not following the plan or collecting data on the performance and changes to the plans. While learning also can fail in the â€Å"study† step by not analysing project performance with project tools and not competing lesson learned. Finally, in the act â€Å"step†, learning process can fail because there have no sharing with or incorporating lessons learned into the next project. 4. 0 Result of the Journal The results of survey analysis in this journal are divided into two areas. First, hypothesis testing is completed and second descriptive analysis is completed on how project managers produce lesson learned. Table III contains the result of regression analysis for hypothesis testing. [pic] 4. 1 Project Performance As shown in Table III, project management performance is positively associated with project knowledge. Having knowledge about what could be wrong, ways to ensure success and ways to avoid problems supports the organization in delivering better products and services and managing projects better regarding plan a project and meet cost, schedule and performance requirements. 4. 2 Project Management. As shown in Table III, intra- and inter-project learning practices are directly associated with project knowledge. Producing lesson learned is hypothesized to support the intra- and inter-project learning activities by providing a mechanism to reflect on the project and sharing the knowledge across the project. 4. 3 Learning Practices. Based on Table III, producing a lesson learned is related to inter-project learning. The important factor to increase inter-project learning is not just to produce a lessons learned but to conduct multiple activities for producing lesson learned. 4. 4 Learning Support According on Table III, learning support is needed for each of the learning activities such as inter, intra and lesson learned. Collecting data about the set of steps on a project supports intra-project learning by providing the data and information to compare against the plan and identify mistakes. Being willing to openly and honestly address the mistakes helps drive the learning for intra-project learning and produce lessons learned which can be shared across the organization through inter-project learning. 5. 0 Suggestion/Recommendation There have some recommendation for organizational practices in the project management environment. Project organizations are faced with continuously improving the quality and performance of their products and services to compete in the competitive environment. To learning such an integrated in the project management environments from project experiences to improve knowledge and performance, there must have provide a learning framework which defines the learning processes in a project management environmental. Beside that, analysing the survey result of practicing project manager’s perception on learning outcomes and practices. Other than that, by integrating and sharing the experiences and learning across project, the organizational will have a greater knowledge. While, project team members must need support for learning to enable them to learn from experiences. Next, for developed organizational practices in the project management environment, the factor analysis and reliability results for the project management learning practices should be provided. This included how project manager share knowledge from one project to next, how project managers create knowledge during a project and the action project managers take to support the learning process. There also recommend to provides the factor analysis and reliability results for the learning outcomes. There have 2 factors for learning outcome which is the increased knowledge by sharing lessons learned across projects and how to learning process helps the organization improve in managing a project and delivering products and services. 6. 0 Conclusions As a conclusion, project organization should focus on building knowledge because increased knowledge is associated with increased project performance. To support knowledge building the organization must focus on the learning both and between projects. However, the learning process needs to support by using management tools to plan and monitor results. There also needs to be supported with an environment which allows team members to admit mistakes and openly discuss solutions to problems. All of this needs to be completed to lead to project management success. 7. 0 References Kotnour, T. G. , Orr, C., Spaulding, J. and Guidi, J. (1997), Determining the benefit of knowledge management activities, 1997 International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, October 12-15, pp. 94-9. Anzai, Y. (1987), Doing, understanding, and learning in problem solving, in Klahr, D. , Langley, P. and Neches, R (Eds), Production System Models of Learning and Development, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 55-98. Argyris, C. and Schon, D. A. (1978), Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective,Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Abdullah, H. S. Research Method Guide. Gido, C. Effective Project Management, 5th Edition.

A Comparison of Violence in Living Jim Crow, Incident, and Blood burnin

Violence in Living Jim Crow, Incident, and Blood burning moon      Ã‚   Violence seems to be quite a common topic in black American literature of the first decades of the 20th century. One major reason for this is probably that it was important for black authors not to be quiet about the injustices being done to them. The violence described in the texts is not only of the physical kind, but also psychological: the constant harassment and terrorising. The ever-present violence had such an effect on the black that they just could not fight back to stop the injustices.    Richard Wright describes in his autobiography 'The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch' the atmosphere at his first job, where his fellow workers would not teach him anything, just because he was black: "This is a white man's work around here, and you better watch yourself" (291). From that moment on, he never really felt at ease going to work. This kind of feeling of unease is also found in Countee Cullen's 'Incident.' It shows clearly how children are not really aware of the differences adults believe to exist between different races until being told that there is a difference. The poem seems to be a product of personal experiences as a child, when another child pokes out his tongue and calls the speaker of the poem "nigger" during a stay in Baltimore, and it pictures the human tendency to look no further than the colour of the skin. This is probably an event that stayed in the child's mind all his life, hence the final lines of the poem: "I saw the whole of Balti more / From May until December; / Of all the things that happened there / That's all that I remember" (384).    In his autobiography Wright also describes the childhood fi... ... habits free rein. Reading Black Voices really made me think of how I act and think when it comes to racial issues and even though I know that all human beings are equal, this kind of reminder is necessary - for all of us.    Bibliography: From the anthology Black voices: Jean Toomer: 'Blood burning moon' Richard Wright: 'The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch' Dudley Randall: 'The Idiot' Countee Cullen: 'Incident' Internet resources: Countee Cullen. The Academy of American Poets. March 2001 <http://www.poets.org/poets/poets.cfm?prmID=56> Jean Toomer. Heath Online Instructor's Guide. March 2001 <http://www.georgetown.edu/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/toomer.html> 1 "Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo": Latin for "The drop carves the stone, not by force but by constant dripping."   

Academic english

The sociological imagination first coined by c. Wright mills in 1959 what is the sociological imagination? The vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. -Seeing â€Å"strange in the familiar† is detaching yourself from individualistic interpretations of human behavior and accepting the initially â€Å"strange† notion that human behaviors are a product of social forces. The ability to see things socially and how things interact and influence each other that is the sociological imagination. How can we differentiate between personal troubles and social issues? Example: unemployment/ if your unemployed, that's a trouble in your life (personal). But, if it was during the great recession, you were in the same boat as everybody else in society. Therefore your personal trouble is connected to a broader public issue. What is problem with the common sense explanations of ills?They fail to consider the wider picture of the issue yet the y Just focus on pre- conceived Judgments for example in relation to aboriginal people a common sense explanation would be that they are all petrol sniffing no hoppers though this is not the case what has been failed to be realized here is that due to colonization indigenous people lost a lot of there rights and are still trying to recover from all they have lost in life. -Examples of social issues that might be better explained through investigating social forces and influences rather than individual failings Unemployed- its not necessarily that you're lazy or don't want to work.There are social forces at play that make it more likely some groups over others will be unemployed. Seeing the general in the particular show that age, gender, class, race, sexuality they all impact behaviors and life chances. Although we are individuals, social forces touch our lives in significant ways, even if we don't see those forces. Sociology: is the study of society, whose goals are to establish, ex plain and predict patterned regularities of human behavior. The sociological imagination asks us to see the strange in the familiar and general in particular, linking our behaviors to broader social forces.Personal trouble re linked to broader public issues, and our goal in sociology is to uncover those links using the sociological data and not rely on common sense explanations Topic: social class and stratification -What is social stratification? Social stratification refers to a system of social inequality -Which societies experience social stratification? All societies have social stratification to some degree -Some societies have simpler stratification where they stratify along one dimension (such as age) while others are more complex and consist of many different factors reading stratification (such as age, race, gender, etc†¦ -3 types of stratification systems Estate systems Caste systems Class systems -definition of class in sociology the term class does not refer to one 's style or sophistication, rather social class is the social structural position groups hold relative to the economic, social, political and cultural resources of society. -class can not be directly observed but can be â€Å"seen† by observing the various displays others project such as brand of clothing, type of car, the places one shops. -these objects become symbols of an individuals lass status.Types of class systems: -Upper class: owns major share of corporate and personal wealth -Upper middle class: those with high incomes and high social prestige -Middle class: -Lower class: workers in skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers -Lower class: the displaced and poor. -The social class that you are in gives you different access to Jobs, income, education, power, and social status. Age, race, gender as well as class shape people's experiences within society. -These differences allow different opportunities for success.

Gender Stereotypes Essay

Simply put, gender stereotypes are generalizations about the roles of each gender. Gender roles are generally neither positive nor negative; they are simply inaccurate generalizations of the male and female attributes. Since each person has individual desires, thoughts, and feelings, regardless of their gender, these stereotypes are incredibly simplistic and do not at all describe the attributes of every person of each gender. While most people realize that stereotypes are untrue, many still make assumptions based on gender. There are many stereotypes we may all be guilty of, such as assuming that all women want to marry and have children, or that all men love sports. The following is a list of some of the most common gender stereotypes as they pertain to either men or women. Remember that these are stereotypes because they claim to apply to all men or women. Female Gender Stereotypes Gender stereotypes begin the second a baby’s gender is found out. As soon as we find out it’s a girl, we immediately begin decorating a pink nursery filled with soft dà ©cor and butterflies and flowers. We assume that our daughter will be very â€Å"girly† and fill her closet with frilly dresses and her toy box with tea sets and dolls. What this is essentially doing, even though many parents don’t realize it, is setting our child up to be the â€Å"perfect lady,† and teaching her how to be the stereotypical woman. We are teaching her that girls are supposed to wear dresses, serve food, and take care of babies; the biggest and most common stereotype put on women. Have you ever watched a little girl playing house? Even as young as five or six, she is well aware that she is supposed to stay home with the baby while the husband goes to work, and she has dinner ready when he gets home. Here is another stereotype; women stay at home while men go to work. While there are a million gender stereotypes about females, these are definitely the biggest, and the most debated by feminists of today. Some other stereotypes include: Women are supposed to have â€Å"clean jobs† such as secretaries, teachers, and  librarians Women are nurses, not doctors Women are not as strong as men Women are supposed to make less money than men The best women are stay at home moms Women don’t need to go to college Women don’t play sports Women are not politicians Women are quieter than men and not meant to speak out Women are supposed to be submissive and do as they are told Women are supposed to cook and do housework Women are responsible for raising children Women do not have technical skills and are not good at â€Å"hands on† projects such as car repairs Women are meant to be the damsel in distress; never the hero Women are supposed to look pretty and be looked at Women love to sing and dance Women do not play video games Women are flirts Women are never in charge Male Gender Stereotypes Stereotyping is no different when it’s found out that a boy is on the way. The nursery is decked out in blue, his closet is filled with tiny jeans, polo shirts, and boots, and the theme is usually something like jungle animals or dinosaurs; something tough. Boys’ toys consist of trucks, dinosaurs, action figures, and video games. From the beginning boys are taught to be tough, to be protective, and to defend themselves. Boys are taught that daddy’s go to work and mommy’s stay at home; from their point of view, boys have fun and girls do all the work. Are you surprised to hear that most parents admit that they do not teach their sons how to do chores such as washing dishes or folding laundry? Instead, they teach them to take out the trash and mow the lawn; from the get-go boys are made to think that certain household chores are â€Å"women’s work.† This is a major stereotype, but the majority of American households  today would prove this to be true. Men are supposed to do the dirty jobs and anything that requires muscle, they are also supposed to go to work and provide for the family. Little boys see this and the stereotype continues. Other gender stereotypes that inaccurately try to describe all men are: All men enjoy working on cars Men are not nurses, they are doctors Men do â€Å"dirty jobs† such as construction and mechanics; they are not secretaries, teachers, or cosmetologists Men do not do housework and they are not responsible for taking care of children Men play video games Men play sports Men enjoy outdoor activities such as camping, fishing, and hiking Men are in charge; they are always at the top As husbands, men tell their wives what to do Men are lazy and/or messy Men are good at math It is always men who work in science, engineering, and other technical fields Men do not cook, sew, or do crafts Can you see how many of these actually are true of many men or women that you know? They may even be true for you personally, but they do not apply to every single man or woman alive. That is what makes them stereotypes; the fact that these things are considered, â€Å"the norm† and expected of every male or female. Each person is an individual and it is perfectly normal for a woman to run her own business while a man stays home with the kids. On the other hand it is also perfectly acceptable for a man to be a nurse or hate sports, or enjoy cooking. Men and women are individuals; they are more than just male or female. Our gender is only part of who we are; it does not define us as people.

Ethnoarchaeology - Cultural Anthropology Archaeology

Ethnoarchaeology - Cultural Anthropology Archaeology Ethnoarchaeology is a research technique that involves using information from living cultures- in the form of ethnology, ethnography, ethnohistory, and experimental archaeology- to understand patterns found at an archaeological site. An ethnoarchaeologist acquires evidence about ongoing activities in any society  and uses those studies to draw analogies from modern behavior to explain and better understand patterns seen in archaeological sites. Key Takeaways: Ethnoarchaeology Ethnoarchaeology is a research technique in archaeology that uses present-day ethnographic information to inform remains of sites.  Applied first in the late 19th century and at its height in the 1980s and 1990s, the practice has decreased in the 21st century.The problem is what its always been: the application of oranges (living cultures) to apples (ancient past).  Benefits include the amassing of huge quantities of information about production techniques and methodologies. American archaeologist Susan Kent defined ethnoarchaeologys purpose as to formulate and test archaeologically oriented and/or derived methods, hypotheses, models and theories with ethnographic data. But it is archaeologist Lewis Binford who wrote most clearly: ethnoarchaeology is a Rosetta stone: a way of translating the static material found on an archaeological site into the vibrant life of a group of people who in fact left them there. Practical Ethnoarchaeology Ethnoarchaeology is typically conducted by using the cultural anthropological methods of participant observation, but it also finds behavioral data in ethnohistorical and ethnographic reports as well as oral history. The basic requirement is to draw on strong evidence of any kind for describing artifacts and their interactions with people in activities. Ethnoarchaeological data can be found in published or unpublished written accounts (archives, field notes, etc.); photographs; oral history; public or private collections of artifacts; and of course, from observations deliberately made for archaeological purposes on a living society. American archaeologist Patty Jo Watson argued that ethnoarchaeology should also include experimental archaeology. In experimental archaeology, the archaeologist creates the situation to be observed rather than taking it where he or she finds it: observations are still made of archaeological relevant variables within a living context. Edging Towards a Richer Archaeology The possibilities of ethnoarchaeology brought in a flood of ideas about what archaeologists could say about the behaviors represented in the archaeological record: and a corresponding earthquake of reality about the ability of archaeologists to recognize all or even any of the social behaviors that went on in an ancient culture. Those behaviors must be reflected in the material culture (I made this pot this way because my mother made it this way; I traveled fifty miles to get this plant because thats where weve always gone). But that underlying reality may only be identifiable from the pollen and potsherds if the techniques allow their capture, and careful interpretations appropriately fit the situation. Archaeologist Nicholas David described the sticky issue pretty clearly: ethnoarchaeology is an attempt to cross the divide between the ideational order (the unobservable ideas, values, norms, and representation of the human mind) and the phenomenal order (artifacts, things affected by human action and differentiated by matter, form, and context). Processual and Post-Processual Debates The ethnoarchaeological study reinvented the study of archaeology, as the science edged into the post-World War II scientific age. Instead of simply finding better and better ways to measure and source and examine artifacts (a.k.a. processual archaeology), archaeologists felt they could now make hypotheses about the kinds of behaviors those artifacts represented (post-processual archaeology). That debate polarized the profession for much of the 1970s and 1980s: and while the debates have ended, it became clear that the match is not perfect. For one thing, archaeology as a study is diachronic- a single archaeological site always includes evidence of all the cultural events and behaviors that might have taken place at that location for hundreds or thousands of years, not to mention the natural things that happened to it over that time. In contrast, ethnography is synchronic- what is being studied is what happens during the course of the research. And theres always this underlying uncertainty: can the patterns of behavior that are seen in modern (or historical) cultures really be generalized to ancient archaeological cultures, and how much? History of Ethnoarchaeology Ethnographic data was used by some late 19th century/early 20th century archaeologists to understand archaeological sites (Edgar Lee Hewett leaps to mind), but the modern study has its roots in the post-war boom of the 1950s and 60s. Beginning in the 1970s, a huge burgeoning of literature explored the potentialities of the practice (the processual/post-processual debate driving much of that). There is some evidence, based on the decrease in the number of university classes and programs, that ethnoarchaeology, although an accepted, and perhaps standard practice for most archaeological studies in the late 20th century, is fading in importance in the 21st. Modern Critiques Since its first practices, ethnoarchaeology has often come under criticism for several issues, primarily for its underpinning assumptions about how far the practices of a living society can reflect the ancient past. More recently, scholars as archaeologists Olivier Gosselain and Jerimy Cunningham have argued that western scholars are blinded by assumptions about living cultures. In particular, Gosselain argues that ethnoarchaeology doesnt apply to prehistory because it isnt practiced as ethnologyin other words, to properly apply cultural templates derived from living people you cant simply pick up technical data. But Gosselain also argues that doing a full ethnological study would not be useful expenditure of time, since equating present-day societies are never going to be sufficiently applicable to the past. He also adds that although ethnoarchaeology may no longer be a reasonable way to conduct research, the main benefits of the study has been to amass a huge amount of data on production techniques and methodologies, which can be used as a reference collection for scholarship. Selected Sources Cunningham, Jerimy J., and Kevin M. McGeough. The Perils of Ethnographic Analogy. Parallel Logics in Ethnoarchaeology and Victorian Bible Customs Books. Archaeological Dialogues 25.2 (2018): 161–89. Print.Gonzlez-Urquijo, J., S. Beyries, and J. J. Ibà ±ez. Ethnoarchaeology and Functional Analysis. Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology. Eds. Marreiros, Joo Manuel, Juan F. Gibaja Bao and Nuno Ferreira Bicho. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique: Springer International Publishing, 2015. 27–40. Print.Gosselain, Olivier P. To Hell with Ethnoarchaeology! Archaeological Dialogues 23.2 (2016): 215–28. Print.Kamp, Kathryn, and John Whittaker. Editorial Reflections: Teaching Science with Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology. Ethnoarchaeology 6.2 (2014): 79–80. Print.Parker, Bradley J. Bread Ovens, Social Networks and Gendered Space: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Tandir Ovens in Southeastern Anatolia. American Antiquity 76.4 (2011 ): 603–27. Print.Politis, Gustavo. Reflections on Contemporary Ethnoarchaeology. Pyrenae 46 (2015). Print. Schiffer, Michael Brian. Contributions of Ethnoarchaeology. The Archaeology of Science. Vol. 9. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique: Springer International Publishing, 2013. 53–63. Print.

Collective Nouns in Spanish

Collective Nouns in Spanish See in this selection how a singular noun can refer to a group of more than one person. Excerpt from news article: El Papa Francisco dejà ³ claro que su primer objetivo era estar con el pueblo. Y asà ­ fue. El vehà ­culo que llevaba al Santo Padre y a [presidenta brasileà ±a Dilma] Rousseff desde el aeropuerto hasta la ciudad avanzà ³ arropado por una multitud de gente que se acercaba a tratar de ver de cerca al  «Papa de los pobres », sin vallas de seguridad que los separase. (The bracketed description of Rousseff was added to the original for clarity here.) Source: ABC.es, a Madrid-based news site. Retrieved July 23, 2013. Suggested translation: Pope Francis made clear that his first goal was to be with the people. And so it was. The vehicle that transported the Holy Father and [Brazilian President Dilma] Rousseff from the airport toward the city proceeded while enveloped by a crowd of people who got near in order to see the pope of the poor from nearby without security barriers to separate them. Key grammatical issue: This selection shows how collective nouns - pueblo, multitud and gente - are singular in form even though they sometimes are translated as plurals. Although both pueblo and gente are translated here as people, note how in Spanish they are singular words. Pueblo is used with the singular definite article el, and the singular verbs se acercaba (from the reflexive verb acercarse) and separase (a subjunctive form of separar) go with multitud de gente. We do the same thing in English - the most common translations for multitud, crowd and multitude, are singular even though they refer to multiple people. If pueblo and gente seem confusing, its only because they arent translated here as singular terms (although in a different context pueblo could refer to a small town). Other notes on vocabulary and grammar: Personal titles in Spanish - such as doctora in la doctora Snchez (Dr. Snchez) and seà ±or in el seà ±or Robles (Mr. Robles) - are not capitalized, and it would have been acceptable here to write el papa Francisco instead of el Papa Francisco. However, it is not unusual to capitalize the titles of certain people, Catholic popes among them, out of respect. When talking about people using their titles, the definite article (such as el in el Papa Francisco or la in la doctora Snchez) is used. If you were speaking to these people using their titles, however, you would not use the article. Dejar claro is an idiom meaning to make clear. Dejar en claro means the same thing and is more frequently used. Primer is the  apocopated form of primero. Llevar is a common verb typically meaning to carry.Note the double use of the personal a after llevaba. It is used here both before Santo Padre (al  is the combined form meaning a plus el) and before Rousseff. The personal a is also used befor e the phrase in angular quotes. The preposition desde often suggests motion from a place, in this case the airport. Motion toward is indicated by hacia.While was used in the translation for clarity. There is no equivalent word used here in the original Spanish. Arropado is the past participle of arropar, which typically means to wrap. However, it would be usual in English to say that someone was wrapped by a crowd. But the image the verb conveys is one of being closely surrounded, and enveloped seemed to work fine, although other phrases might have been used as well. Acercar usually means to bring nearer. In the reflexive form, as here, it usually means to approach or to get nearer. Tratar is a common verb often meaning to try. Angular quotation marks are used in the same way as standard double quotation marks. They are more common in publications from Spain than those from Latin America. Note how the comma after pobres is placed outside the quote marks rather than inside as it would be in American English. Valla is a word for fence. The term vallas de seguridad usually refers to small, metallic, portable fencelike structures that are used to control crowds and keep people in orderly lines.

Comparitive Paper on Ways of Knowing and The Serpent and the Rainbow Essay

Comparitive Paper on Ways of Knowing and The Serpent and the Rainbow - Essay Example Even though outwardly appearing to follow the Christian identity accorded to them by the Euro-Canadian people, they have kept their traditions alive. Jean-Guy Goulet in her book presents her understanding of the social life in the form of a certain practices that are still alive and relevant today to the identity of the Dene Tha’ of Chateh. The concept of unseen reality holds a significant place in the way the Dene Tha view their knowledge. They interact with the dead through ‘dreams’ or ‘visions’. The soul is believed to travel outside the body of the dreamer to visit ‘the other land’. This journey is treated the same way as when a Dene Tha’ travels and meets what would be ‘a real person’ to us and ‘a person living in this land’ to them. â€Å"The Dene Tha differentiate between ndahdigeh, "our land," and echuhdigeh, "the other land," and their respective inhabitants, but they do not do so in the way Euro-North Americans may oppose the natural and the supernatural, the field of science on the one hand and the field of mysticism, magic, and religion on the other. The other land, also referred to as yake, "heaven," is experienced firsthand in dreams or in visions when the soul journeys away from the body. It is in the other land that one meets relatives who have passed away as well as Christian figures such as Mary and Jesus. Dene Tha Elders easily follow an account of a trip to a nearby town with a story of a journey to the other land. To the nearby town in our land they traveled by car. To the other land they traveled with their souls. In both cases they visit actual places and meet real, living people.† (Goulet, 1998) They treat the knowledge gained through these experiences the same way they would treat knowledge gained through encounters with living people. It is treated as experiential learning, a primary source, a direct evidence of truth. This is evident

Earthquackes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Earthquackes - Essay Example According to Stein and Wysession (217), earthquakes can also occur due to the elastic rebound theory, which says that in various situations energy is accumulated in rock that is being acted upon by tectonic forces to a degree that the energy rises above the bonding forces holding the rocks causing to break, suddenly returning to its original shape, and the crust moves violently as a result of the quickly released force. However, not all earthquakes are linked to with preexisting faults rather some are linked to intensely buried fold structures, volcanic environments among others in which the molten rock is forcefully pushing out of the crust. The cracking of a rock known as faulting leads to the discharge of energy when stored stress is rapidly transformed to movement and produces vibrations called seismic waves. These seismic waves then move outwards in all directions at a speed of nearly 14 kilometers per second, distorting the rocks they pass through, but the rock returns to its o riginal shape afterwards. The speed of seismic waves is dependent on the plasticity of the media they travel through such as rocks which portray elastic properties. In the event of external forces acting on the rock, they are forced to alter their shapes and since rocks just like other elastic materials, they have an elastic limit after which application of any additional force deforms the shape of the rock. Seismic Waves During earthquakes, the discharge of stress as energy leads to the creation of three different types of waves. The first one, primary waves or P-Waves is the fastest moving waves with the ability to pass through both liquid and solid rock, expanding and compressing the rocks as they move and are the first to be detected by seismographs (Qazi 78). The second type of waves created is the secondary waves or S-waves which unlike P-waves cannot pass through liquids. As these waves move, they are able to cut across the rocks they pass through at positions that are perpen dicular to the direction they are moving towards. Due to their large size in comparison to primary waves, S-waves are considered the most dangerous type of waves and they produce both vertical and horizontal motion as they travel. The seismic activity are terms used to describe the rate of occurrence, cause and magnitude of earthquakes an area experiences over a certain length of time, the instrument used to measure earthquakes is known as a seismometer while a device that not only measures but also records the magnitude is called a seismograph. Seismologists have come up with two scales of measurement to measure the quantitative magnitude of earthquakes one is the Richter scale, named after the American seismologist Charles Francis Richter. This scale is used to measure the movement of the land surface one hundred kilometers from the epicenter, the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the source of the earthquake, also known as the focus and can be as deep as seven hu ndred kilometers. However, quakes are not known to occur past this level since rocks are no not very firm at these higher pressures and temperatures. Smaller tremors are frequently experienced but these tremors usually cause little or no damage. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale with a

Corporation As a Legal Entity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporation As a Legal Entity - Case Study Example After carrying on a leather business for sometime, Mr. Salomon turned his business into a limited company. At that time the law required the number of shareholders to be essentially seven. Mr. Salomon held 20,001 shares with his wife and five children holding six remaining shares, making him the majority shareholder of the company. He also acted as the sole director of the company. Mr. Salomon sold his previous business to the company and received the payment in the form of debentures. The debentures were worth 10,000, which were secured by him with the charge, making him a secured creditor of the company. After some time his business failed and he had to liquidate the company. The debentures were paid off out of the remaining assets but nothing was left to pay the unsecured creditors of the company who sued Mr. Salomon to be personally liable for the debts of the company. The court's decision however went in the favour of Mr. Salomon on the basis that he had not committed any fraud and that he could not be held liable for his company's debts as a company is a separate being from that of its owners and directors, even when the majority of shares and debentures were held by him (Griffin, 2000) It is therefore evident from above illustration that a company's owners, shareholders, directors, and management cannot be termed as the same entity as the company itself, because in the light of law, these are distinct from each other. Therefore, the claim of the Bensons Carpfit Ltd's unsecured creditors that the owners and shareholders of the company should personally pay to them other than the company's assets is vague and has no legal obligation on the owner as commented by Cheffins (1997, p147), "in the ordinary course, a company's shareholders, directors, and officers are not personally liable for the company's debts". The case of Salomon v Salomon & Co validates this point and the court's verdict proved that director and shareholder could not be held liable for the debts of the company. The claim of unsecured creditors that Ben who holds the majority of shares, is the sole director and rest of the shareholders being his trustees in the company, should be held liable for the company's debts because he seems to have traded the company solely. The same was the claim raised by the creditors in the case of Salomon v Salomon & Co that Mr. Salomon being the majority shareholder and sole director of the company should be responsible for the company's debts. However, the court disagreed that even if that had been the case, Mr. Salomon could still not be held liable. Thus, the claim of the creditors of Ben's company holds no validity in the eyes of law. In the case of Levy V Abercorris Slate and Slab Co, the court enjoined that debenture entails existence or recognition of a debt. Ben also held debentures worth 10,000 having charge over the company's assets. The charge on Ben's debentures need to be determined by the court concerning their nature as being floating or fixed. In the case of Re Mamagh shoes ltd (1982), the court disregarded the parties' consideration of document as a fixed charge and reckoned it to be a floating charge. It means that the Ben's loan to his company was secured and in case of liquidation he was much in a

Basketball Gender Discrimination

Basketball Gender Discrimination Many studies from past centuries in countless different fields of research have shown that there are rampant increases of gender inequality in many fields. In the field of sports, this not something unheard of, but it has been a common trend in the past games and sports events. Several sociologists have been reported to claim that sport inequality has taken several dimensions such as gender, wealth and social class categories. These are said to have been brought about by cultural and economics differences which are the key players to discrimination in all sort of classification. (Wolff, 1994) Although many people despite sport and games, there is a major role played by both in bridging and alleviate the norm of community cultures that brings social discrimination leading to inequality. While focusing on my favorite hobby basketball, I am first and foremost thrilled to give brief details of its history. Basketball is a sport that started at about two centuries ago. It begun in early December in the year 1891 by a famous man named James Naismith. This was at a time when there was serious search for indoor games intended to keep students occupied. Furthermore, like any other sporting event, it was not only for the keeping of the student occupied but also for the maintenance of proper level of fitness during the winter season in New England. This followed after the search for proper game that was neither tough nor too poorly designed in door plays. During such early times, the event used peach baskets which were replaced in the early twentieth century by metal hoops with blac kboards. The rules which the founders of the game wrote were found in the year 2006 and were basically invented from children’s game named duck and rock. (Wolff, 1994) Basketball game was first played by a group of young men in the young Christian gymnasium in the year 1892. This was founded in London England, which was an institutional organization that was dedicated to using Christian principles into practice to young men. The living conditions for these young men were not safe and were often neglected, thus the beginning of the game was a hallmark of bring change in the sociological arena, as this was a way substituting there life on the streets for prayer and bible study and drawing them into a new social kind of life. However, the first encounter of the composition of the sport participants is of great concern in terms of inequality. Despite the noble ideas of George William for starting such an organization which were quite unusual, and which crossed the inflexible lines that separated all the different social classes of all those lived in the England boundary; the whole community was entirely male dominated. Perhaps, this was as a result of the first intentions for creation of male institution and not an institution for both genders. Thus, the young men’s Christian association was initially composed mostly by males, showing an enormous skewed trend in the men’s side in the institutional composition. Following the interest of some of the enlightened women, there was a great struggle between the basketball leaders of the early period to include females this particular sport. However, this was all in vanity. The only achievement that yielded from such struggles was the abolishment of admitting the only males to the organization and soon or later the association would provide opportunities to all men, women and even children without any regard to racial, religious or nationality back grounds. (Axthelm, 1971 The inclusion of women in the organization was a major advantage to them. This paved way and gave them a chance to in the participation of this today’s world class game. They had opportunities to watch how the game was organized and they even got entertained as they watch the men play. The inclusion of females to actively take part in such a game was a real ordeal. Men were unwilling to help the women group to establish their own club. Therefore, it took a lot of time to establish a women’s team as they lack full support from the expert side of men. It took all the efforts of one of the females to come up with a women’s. This work was under taken by a renowned woman in the history of basketball by the name Senda Bereson. She set on his work to teach women basketball in the year of 1892, which is almost at one year after the men’s play had begun. In her work, she was fascinated by the new sport and the values it could teach. Thus she organized the first wom en’s basketball in the following year. In order to improve the performances of the women play, she used to watch plays performed by smith’s freshmen as they played against sophomores. She was also interested on improving the rules and regulations for the female basketball. Her work of writing new guidelines came into culmination when she published the first women’s basketball guide. This furthered the spreading of the women basketball and lead to improvement of the version of basketball for women. (Bonsor, 2006) Although, the spreading of basketball from young men’s Christian association was one of the major events that saw great removal social barriers in most countries, by enabling the spreading of the game throughout the United States and Canada. But due to some misuse of their initial ideas by some groups in the development and improvement of the game standards, within a few decades, they had to discourage the new sport terming it as rough and rowdy game. The game had turned to be involved in spreading political and economic challenges. Women had started to turn into lesbians during such games. However, their efforts to do away with it were all in vain. Amateur clubs, colleges and professional clubs could quickly fill the void and argument the spread faster than before. Pro –league were formed in the beginning of the twentieth century which included the national basketball league. This was put in place to protect all the players from exploitation and to promote a lesser rou gh game. The parties who were involved were supposed to provide security to men, boy. (Axthelm, 1971) With the effect of the spreading of the game, many institutions also embraced it. By the time it had gone for over five decades, basketball had become a major college sport. This in turn gave birth to the growth of professional basketball. Following the great concerns of different people from all parts of the worlds in the early 20s to 30s, the game had been almost in practice in all the developed and developing countries. Due to its introduction in most countries, the game has formed part in the major competitions that are taking place in the today’s world competitions. This includes Olympic Games and many more others. This as one way of providing opportunities to people to interact, it gave people from different continents, countries and ethnic groups to come together and share experiences and cultural traditions from different backgrounds. From the early researches, it is shown that head’s school played its first women’s inter-institutional game against the Un iversity of California in the year of 1892. From this period, several women clubs were started for basketball events. This lead to increased intercollegiate women’s game. However most of the coaches of that time were men drawn from the different part of the states. Thus, there was disparity in the composition of the bodies which were charged with the responsibilities of organizing, managing and controlling the sport. This perhaps was due to the fact that most men had developed much interest in the event, thus they had an ease of learning the requirements and operation of the game. At the same time most college seemed to encourage the participation of men in the play than any other group. For instances, by the start of the twentieth century, many colleges and universities in the United States began sponsoring men’s sports. These included universities such as university of Chicago, Columbia University, university of Manniseto, U.S. naval academy, university of Utah, Yale University and many more others. This accelerated the disparity in the participation of men to women basketball. Another major reason which might have contributed to this disparity is that, historical, participation of women in sports was discouraged or banned as they were viewed as people with tender masculine who could not tolerate the strenuous stretching activities which are involved in sports and games. (Axthelm, 1971): However, as civilization and education enlighment dawned to most of the people, the altitude towards the basketball sporting changed with time in an amazing manner. In the developed countries where civilization and technology begun, they had formed several folds of women’s basketball committees in the year 1910. These were geared towards the mitigation of girls’ child performances in sports. National and international women’s basketball executive committees were also raised. These could organize women’s basketball competitions in different colleges and universities. In addition, they were in charge of state tournaments and nationals women’s basketball championships hence being mandated with the same powers as men. On the same empowerment, men and women were given the same equality, and this resulted into the application of men rules in the play game. The women’s competitions of 1940s were conducted using the men’s rule hence it is said that women played against men in several championships. (Wolff, 1991) In the recent reports from different broadcasting and news papers, journals and internet sources, it has been reviewed that there is enough supporting bodies for the both men a basketball. These bodies ensures that there enough money to spent on equipments, training, travel and uniforms for males. They are mostly focusing on both the child boy child in schools, so there is more disparity which is being experienced in the present and the near future. To a larger extend, they are committed to ensuring that even cheering opportunities are areas of discrimination. By mixing the cheering squads for both men and women, they can try to alleviate the general phenomenon of favourism. Once the authorities are on their hand, they have recently fired and made reshuffling of coaches in various men and women basketball teams. There are increases in percentages in the admissions of recruits for women to curb the problem of disparity which was created by the old practices and culture by our forefath ers. (Bonsor, 2006) References: Axthelm, P. (1971): The City Game. Wolff, A. (1991):100 Years of Hoops. Wolff, A. (1994): The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia .2nd Ed. Bonsor, K. (2006): Newly found documents shed light on basketballs birth. ESPN.com. Associated Press -Retrieved on 2008-03-7.

Kurt vonnegut :: essays research papers

Kurt Vonnegut Served as a sensitive cell in the organism of American Society during the 1960's. His work alerted the public about the absurdity of modern warfare and an increasingly mechanized and impersonal society in which humans were essentially worthless and degenerated. The satirical tone and sardonic humor allowed people to read his works and laugh at their own misfortune. Vonnegut was born on November 11, 1922, in Indianapolis, where he was reared. His father was an architect, as his grandfather had been. Though the family's fortune was eroded during the Depression-his father went without an architectural commission from 1929 to 1940-they were well-to-do. Kurt attended Shortridge High School, where he was the editor of the nations oldest daily high school paper, the Echo. (((high school quote))) Vonnegut was expected to become a scientist, and when he went to Cornell in 1940, he chose, at the urging of his father, to major in chemistry. (((college quote))) "Chemistry was everything then," he said. "It was a magic word in the thirties. The Germans, of course, had chemistry, and they were going to take apart the universe and put it together again. At Cornell, he was the managing editor and columnist for its daily paper, the Sun. Among interned as a prisoner of war in Dresden, Germany. It was here that he experienced what would later become the basis for one of his best-selling novels, Slaughterhouse-Five. "(Dresden) was the first fancy city I'd ever seen. Then a siren went off-it was February 13, 1945-and we went down two stories under the pavement into a big meat locker. It was cool there, with (animal) cadavers hanging all around. When we came up the city was gone." This experience, or rather, disaster, was the Allied firebombing of Dresden in w hich over 130,000 people, mostly citizens, died for no apparent reason. Despite the horror of the incident, he maintains that the experience did not change his way of thinking, but rather gave him another viewpoint from which to observe the absurdity and cruelty of the human race. "The importance of Dresden in my life has been considerably exaggerated because my book about it became a best seller." (p. 94 CWV) Vonnegut returned to the United States determined tp be a writer, and to deal with the experience of Dresden, though it was nearly 25 years before he was able to do so.

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost Essay

Shelley’s story of a creature created by Victor Frankenstein has striking similarities to Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’ from the outset, as the second letter in the novel that documents Frankenstein’s misfortune, is sent from ‘Archangel’. Satan was an archangel before he was banished from heaven for challenging God, and we know that he was supposedly perfect. Frankenstein sought to make ‘a human being in perfection’, although both the creature and Satan fell from grace at the hand of their creators. The opening line of Paradise Lost underpins the correlation between the tales; ‘Paradise Lost’ opens with the lines, ‘Of Man’s first disobedience, and the fruit, Of that forbidden tree,’ this is referring to Adam who took forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge and was therefore exiled by God. This story of Eden and mans downfall has obviously influenced Shelley as Frankenstein’s pursuit of ‘nature to her hiding places’ is what led to the demise of himself and his family. Milton’s Satan challenges God; Adam and Eve are tempted by Satan to eat the forbidden fruit and this echoes in Shelley’s novel and Milton’s poem, as he tells us that ‘heaven hides nothing from thy view. ‘ Yet both Satan and Frankenstein want more than nature has to offer, and the irony in the events leading up to the monsters creation are highlighted, by Shelley’s use of dark and gothic descriptions of foraging in ‘vaults and charnel-houses,’ and how ‘the worm inherited the wonders of the eye and brain.. ‘ This dark depiction echoes the fate of Frankenstein, the monster and Milton’s Satan, as they all endure an experience of Hell; Frankenstein’s personal hell was of ‘of intense tortures such as no language can describe,’ and his endurance of a ‘deep, dark, death like solitude, ironically echoes his creation’s feelings of loneliness and despair. The monster however, ‘considered Satan as the fitter emblem’ of his condition and continued sufferings, but his hell was also a personal one, to be lived out on earth, and unfortunately alone. Satan, at least, had ‘his host of rebel angels’ and had experience of a ‘father’ and being loved, his demise was through choice, as was Frankenstein’s. It is Satan and the monster who initially invoke the readers compassion, as the monster seems of a benevolent nature as he watched the ‘beloved’ De Lacy family and took ‘pleasure’ in aiding their labours. He also shows altruistic behaviour in saving a drowning girl, and lighting a fire to warm his creator, making him possibly more sympathetic than Frankenstein, who forgot his family in his aspirations to ‘become greater than his nature will allow. ‘ The monster states, after reading Paradise Lost and other literature he has found after eating the metaphorical apple, that ‘sorrow only increased with knowledge’, as he became aware from the De Lacey’s, of such things as love and acceptance that he came to long for. His good intent could also be interpreted on his hearing Saphie play music that he found ‘so entrancingly beautiful that they at once drew tears of sorrow and of delight from my eyes. ‘ Satan’s ruin also came from his pursuit of knowledge, leading both ‘men’ to their exile from the people they sought acceptance from. According to Stephen Boyd*, Shelley’s husband believed that ‘men are not inherently corrupt, and that they are perfectible,’ adding to the influence of Frankenstein being to blame for the monster’s feelings of ‘vengeance to all mankind,’ and Frankenstein’s own corruption when trying to discover ‘the elixir of life. ‘ Shelley portrays the monster in child-like ways throughout the novel, as he learns empirically; ‘it was a long time before I was able to distinguish between the operations of my various senses,’ and he burns himself with fire as a child with no awareness would. This allows the reader to feel some empathy towards this ‘wretched creature’, as we imagine an abandoned child, but also reinforces her exploration of human nature as potentially good. Frankenstein and the creature both state they were ‘formed for peaceful happiness’, like Milton’s Adam, making them perfect antiheroes. It could be argued that the monster’s rejection is what made him commit such heinous crimes against Frankenstein’s loved ones, as the rejection he continually faced made him ‘wretched’. We could see Shelley taking the stance that man made a monster, and man also made him monstrous. As the monster lives in a hut, we are reminded that he doesn’t only live outside physically, but emotionally as he is a mere voyeur of family life while watching the De Lacys, and this social exclusion is to blame for his murderous behaviour, again relating to Satan who was excluded my his creator. We could again relate this to Satan who is looking for earth and is also ‘racked with deep despair,’ as are Shelley’s characters. Frankenstein also resembles God, as he created his own version of Adam, and the monster that he constantly refers to as ‘fiend’ and ‘devil’ reminds him; ‘You, my creator, abhor me..’ his plea resounds through the humanity of every reader who has ever felt alone or incomplete, but these feelings however are to be changed as the monster commits heinous crimes against the humanity he once ‘longed for,’ and on his final rejection he cries; ‘oh, earth†¦ the mildness of my nature had fled, and all within me was turned to bitterness and gall. ‘ This is when the role of God is transferred from Frankenstein and to the monster who will now decide his fate.

Gag Clauses Essay

For the past ten years, the Health Management Organizations (HMO), who is responsible on the health care programs, had imposed a new system that restrict and inhibit physicians in communicating to their patients. (Wynn, 1996) This is known as ‘gag clause†. The physician must not discuss the medical condition and all treatment options of their patients. These include the right health care plan, the appropriate treatment and medications that may be benefit to the patient in terms of cost. (Liang, 1998) The issue on the gag clauses creates a big noise especially on the practitioners and physicians. This issue receives many criticisms. According to some critics, it is the obligation of a physician to educate and inform his patient on what kind of treatment, and the kind of health care plan. This is because physicians are trained to treat the bad health conditions of their patients. The gag clause thus inhibits the open discussion of the two parties. Because of the gag clause issue, the House of Representative and the Legislature of United States are now making a proper move to inhibit the gag clauses in physician contracts. But almost 200 million of the citizens of the said country rely on health care programs of HMOs. The lawmakers of United States, who had made laws and enforces these to protect its citizens, medicine companies as well as the practitioners from the HMOs, still HMOs finds a way to control the actions of their hired physicians. This is the termination-without-cause clause. In this clause, the physician to be hired by HMOs can be fired for any reason. The restrictions of physicians in communicating to their patients produce major problems especially on the side of the patient. One of these problem is the lost of trust and confidence of the patient if his original physician has been deselected. Then the second physician must handle the latter treatment on the patient which is very difficult because of little time. Then the second physician also faces a constraint in communicating to his patient. This will result to low quality health care service given by HMOs. The welfare of the patients is being jeopardized because of gag clauses. A study was conducted on the performance of physicians experiencing gag clauses from their health care company. From the physicians who were interviewed, majority do their medical obligation as part of their ethical duties in providing the necessary medication and treatments for their patients. They do not even read carefully the provisions of the contracts they signed in handling their patients. But because of the alarming issues on the deselecting, physicians were limited on communicating to their patients the health conditions and proper treatment. While on the side of physician sectors, there profession is being put at risk. As a physician, their responsibility is to take care of their patient which is the core of their medical responsibility. If these physicians were unluckily deselected, their ethical responsibility to raise and support their family will be affected. Thus, physicians are faced in a two situations were they must choose which will they do. Thus the purpose of their profession is being sacrificed. In almost contract signing, there are some elements to consider and understand by both parties before they undergo in signing. Some of the key terms to consider are the payment terms, duty and obligations of parties, representations and warranties, conditions on the closure of the contract, some liability issues and termination rights. In contract signing in a managed care setting, the identification of the parties who will sign the contract must first be done. In terms of managed care setting, the health care provider, physicians and the consumers or patients are the main characters. Then the recitals will follow. In this part, it contains the background of the contract as well the objective. The obligation of the parties involved is the next element to be discussed before signing. The health care provider will provide all the necessary treatments needed by the patient for his wellness. This includes the necessary and appropriate health care plan. While the physician medical responsibility is to provide the necessary treatment needed by the patient in which he can apply his profession. These include care and medication of the patient. And lastly, the obligation of the patient is in term of financial obligation for the health care provider and to the physician. (Allbusiness, 2007) Next to be considered are the terms of the contract. It must be clearly stated what are the sanction if one of the terms was not made. Also, the contract must be known if it is an only one time or it can be renewed. And if the contract is renewable, how it can be renewed? These questions must be first answered before the signing of the medical health care contract. After this, the price must be set. How much will it cost the service of the health care provider to their costumers or patients and the salary of the physician assigned, as well as the terms of payments between the parties? When will the due of the payment and what are the consequences if the due was not met by one of the party concerned. Warranty is also part of a contract. The warranties must be clearly stated on how it can be claimed and in what way. If the health care program does not meet the terms, how will the health care provider pay the consequence? And how long the warranty will is good for. And lastly is the term of termination of the contract. When will the health care program end in concern on the patient? When will the physician medical obligation ends. The above are mentioned are the key terms in contract signing in a health care setting. (Allbusiness, 2007) In contract signing in a health care setting, a major concern that must be considered is that-if the contract contains provisions of illegal act? Because majority of the HMOs contract’s contain provision of not letting communication on the physician-patient relationship, the Federal government of United States enforce these HMOs to eliminate these gag clauses. In a contract, it is stated that the patient under a health care program is entitled to all benefits of the health care program. ( Scanlon, 1999) Because of this, the Health Care Financing Administration force HMOs to eliminate gag clauses on their contracts. If a contract contains illegal act such that of the gag clauses, it will be considered as a violation on the Medicare law. This is because almost physicians believe that inhibiting them in communicating with their patients about their medical condition might result to increase on the risk on their health condition. (Frascati, 2005) Even tough some of the health care plans of HMOs were revised in connection with the gag clauses; still there are provisions and conditions that hinder the communication of physician-patient relationship. Some of these provisions are the business confidentiality clause, nondisparagement clause and nonsolicitation clause. These provisions are discrete form of inhibition of the communication. (Lott, 1997) If one of the provisions in a contract is unenforceable like no legal action or waiver of right to trial by jury, and then the contract is considered void. (Higuchi, 1995)